ABSTRACT
Resumen Después de la cosecha del fruto chirimoya, los árboles liberan enormes cantidades de hojas, las cuales son quemadas por los agricultores. Este trabajo muestra que las hojas pueden ser usadas para nuestro beneficio como antioxidante. Se determinaron los compuestos fenólicos (CF) y la actividad antioxidante (AA) de los extractos de la hoja seca de Annona cherimola Mill en etanol al 70% v/v, agua a 80 °C, y agua subcrítica (AS) a 110, 120 y 130 °C, siguiendo un diseño factorial con el programa Minitab. Los CF se cuantificaron con la metodología de Folin Ciocalteu y la AA con el 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH) y con el poder antioxidante reductor del hierro (FRAP). Los resultados indicaron que el tipo de solvente y el tiempo de extracción presentaron un efecto significativo en el contenido de CF y AA de los extractos. Se concluyó que el extracto de hoja de chirimoya es un potencial antioxidante. El extracto de AS a 130 °C presentó el mayor contenido de CF (5,6 g EAG/100 g de hoja seca) y el extracto etanólico presentó mayor AA (0,86 mg equivalente trolox/mg extracto seco; IC50=0,020 mg de extracto seco/mL de extracto de hoja seca y FRAP de 1710,14 μmol equivalente trolox /g de hoja seca) y los extractos obtenidos con AS a menor temperatura presentaron mayores valores de AA.
Abstract After harvesting cherimoya fruit, the trees release huge amounts of leaves, which are burned by farmers. This work shows that the leaves can be used as a source of antioxidants. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of extracts of the dry leaf of Annona cherimola Mill in 70% v/v ethanol, water at 80 °C, subcritical water (SW) at 110 °C, 120 °C and 130 °C were determined, following a factorial design with the Minitab program. The TPC was quantified with the Folin Ciocalteu methodology, and the AA with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). Results indicate that the type of solvent and the extraction time had a significant effect on the TPC and AA of the extracts. Extracts of cherimoya leaves were found to be a potential antioxidant. The extract of SW at 130 °C presented the highest content of TPC (5.6 g EAG/100 g dry leaves) and the ethanolic extract had the highest AA (0.86 mg trolox equivalent/mg dry extract, IC50 = 0.020 mg dry extract/mL extract of dry leaves and FRAP of 1710.14 μmol ET/g dry leaves) and the extracts obtained with SW at a lower temperature presented a higher AA value.
Resumo Depois da colheita da fruta Cherimoya, as árvores liberam grandes quantidades de folhas, que são queimadas pelos agricultores. Este trabalho mostra que as folhas podem ser usadas para nosso benefício como um antioxidante. Compostos fenólicos (FC) e a actividade antioxidante (AA) de extractos de folha seca Annona cherimola Mill em etanol a 70% v/v água a 80 °C, água subcrítica (AS) 110, 120, 130 °C, foram determinados seguindo um planejamento fatorial com o programa Minitab. Os FC foram quantificados com a metodologia Folin Ciocalteu; e a capacidade antioxidante (AA) com 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e poder antioxidante redutor de ferro (FRAP). Os resultados indicaram que o tipo de solvente e o tempo de extração tiveram um efeito significativo no conteúdo deCFeAA dos extratos. Conclui-se que o extracto de folha de cherimoya é um potencial antioxidante, o extracto de AS 130 °C tinha o maior conteúdo de CF (5,6 g EAG/100 g folha seca) e o extracto etanólico mostraram maior AA (0,86 mg equivalente Trolox/mg extrato seco, IC50 = 0,020 mg extrato seco/mL extracto de folha seca e FRAP de 1710,14 μmol ET/g folha seca). Os extratos obtido com AS a uma temperatura mais baixa apresentaram um maior valor de AA.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND The current chemotherapy for Chagas disease is based on monopharmacology with low efficacy and drug tolerance. Polypharmacology is one of the strategies to overcome these limitations. OBJECTIVES Study the anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of associations of benznidazole (Bnz) with three new synthetic T. cruzi-triosephosphate isomerase inhibitors, 2, 3, and 4, in order to potentiate their actions. METHODS The in vitro effect of the drug combinations were determined constructing the corresponding isobolograms. In vivo activities were assessed using an acute murine model of Chagas disease evaluating parasitaemias, mortalities and IgG anti-T. cruzi antibodies. FINDINGS The effect of Bnz combined with each of these compounds, on the growth of epimastigotes, indicated an additive action or a synergic action, when combining it with 2 or 3, respectively, and an antagonic action when combining it with 4. In vivo studies, for the two chosen combinations, 2 or 3 plus one fifth equivalent of Bnz, showed that Bnz can also potentiate the in vivo therapeutic effects. For both combinations a decrease in the number of trypomastigote and lower levels of anti-T. cruzi IgG-antibodies were detected, as well clear protection against death. MAIN CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the studied combinations could be used in the treatment of Chagas disease.
Subject(s)
Triose-Phosphate Isomerase/chemistry , Trypanosoma cruzi/drug effects , Trypanosoma cruzi/immunology , Nitroimidazoles/pharmacology , Antibodies, Protozoan , Drug Synergism , Drug Therapy, CombinationABSTRACT
Los Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente (SAMR) son microorganismos resistentes a una amplia gama de antibióticos beta lactamicos, que producen infecciones, en pacientes ambulatorios y hospitalizados, asociadas con el carácter de portador nasofaríngeo e incrementando la morbi-mortalidad en áreas críticas de atención a la salud, como cuidados intensivos y hemodiálisis.El objetivo es evaluar a un año la aplicación de un tratamiento a base de rifampicina y trimetoprim/sulfametoxasol para erradicar el carácter de portador nasofaríngeo de SAMR en pacientes de la unidad de hemodiálisis del HGZ-Nº1 del IMSS 2006-2008.Es un estudio descriptivo en cuanto a edad, sexo y enfermedad concomitante de pacientes portadores de estafilococos resistentes a la meticilina. Analítico en cuanto a la erradicación a corto y largo plazo del carácter de portador de esos microorganismos.En la evaluación a largo plazo, de la totalidad de pacientes que ingresaron con SAMR, la portación se erradicó en un 100%...
The MRSA are resistant microorganisms to a wide range of beta-lactam antibiotics, which produce infections of outpatients and hospitalized, associated with the character of nasopharyngeal carrier and increasing morbidity and mortality in critical areas of health-care, such as intensive care and hemodialysis